14 The production of fuel charcoal for cooking (which is most common in urban areas) has increased by an average of around 2% a year since 2010, although the rate of growth has slowed in the last few years. 13 The largest shares of fuelwood (as well as other fuels such as dung and agricultural residues) are consumed in Asia, South America and Africa. 12 ( →See Figure 2 in Global Overview chapter.)Ĭonsumption of fuelwood for traditional energy uses has remained stable since 2010, at an estimated 1.9 billion cubic metres (m3), equivalent to around 15 EJ. 11 However, the traditional use of biomass in 2016 is estimated at 33 EJ although there is growth in absolute terms, the share of traditional bioenergy in total global energy consumption has been falling gradually. Given the informal nature of the supply, it is difficult to acquire accurate data on the use of these biomass materials.
The traditional use of biomass for heat involves the burning of woody biomass or charcoal as well as dung and other agricultural residues in simple and inefficient devices. The heat also can be co-generated with electricity via combined heat and power (CHP) systems, and distributed from larger production facilities by district energy systems to provide heating (and in some cases cooling) to residential, commercial and industrial customers. It also can be used at a larger scale to provide heat for institutional and commercial premises and in industry, where it can provide either low-temperature heat for heating and drying applications or high-temperature process heat. Solid biomass is burned directly using traditional stoves and more modern appliances to provide heat for cooking and for space and water heating in the residential sector. Bio-Heat Marketsīiomass in many forms – as solids, liquids or gases – can be used to produce heat. Shares of Biomass in Total Final Energy Consumption and in Final Energy Consumption, by End-use Sector, 2015
The contribution of bioenergy to final energy demand for heat in buildings and industry far outweighs its use for electricity and transport combined. 8 The bioenergy share in total global primary energy consumption has remained relatively steady since 2005, at around 10.5%, despite a 21% increase in overall global energy demand over the last 10 years. 7 The supply of biomass for energy has been growing at around 2.5% per year since 2010. 6 Total primary energy supplied from biomass in 2016 was approximately 62.5 exajoules (EJ). 5 Bioenergy Marketsīioenergy (in traditional i and modern uses) is the largest contributor to global renewable energy supply. 4 The continuing discussion about the sustainability of some forms of bioenergy has led to regulatory and policy uncertainty in some markets, and has made for a more difficult investment climate. Increased competition from other low-cost renewable sources of electricity acted as a barrier to bio-power production during the year. ( →See Policy Landscape chapter.) However, in some countries, low fossil fuel prices during 2016 discouraged investment in bioenergy-based heating unlike transport use of biofuels, bio-heat is not sheltered by blending mandates from changes in fossil fuel prices. Bioenergy consumption and investment in new capacity are supported by policy in many countries. In 2016, local and global environmental concerns, rising energy demand and energy security continued to drive increasing production and use of bioenergy. 2 A further set of conversion processes – in particular for the production of advanced liquid fuels – is maturing rapidly. 1 ( →See Figure 6 in GSR 2015.) Many bioenergy technologies and conversion processes are now well-established and fully commercial. A broad range of wastes, residues and crops grown for energy purposes can be used directly as fuels for heating and cooling or for electricity production, or they can be converted into gaseous or liquid fuels for transport or as replacements for petrochemicals. There are many pathways by which biomass feedstocks can be converted into useful renewable energy.
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